Executive Summary
In 2006, India's trademark office processed fewer than 100,000 applications a year. By FY 2024–25, it processed over 538,000 — a fivefold expansion that made India the world's fourth-largest trademark jurisdiction by volume, ranked behind only China, the United States, and Russia.
Among the world's ten largest trademark offices, India has recorded the most consistent growth over the past decade, averaging approximately 8% compound annual growth in WIPO class counts. In calendar year 2024, India's filings grew 7.4% while China declined 2.9%. Over 92% of India's applications originate from domestic residents. The engine is not foreign brands entering India; it is Indian businesses formalizing.
For hundreds of thousands of Indian enterprises, trademark registration has shifted from a legal afterthought to a business imperative. Four forces drove this change: policy reforms that halved filing fees for startups, digital infrastructure that moved 95% of filings online, economic formalization under GST, and a direct-to-consumer economy now exceeding $80 billion.
Yet India's trademark system is experiencing a collision between demand and institutional capacity. Filing volumes have more than doubled since 2015, but the examination infrastructure was not built for this scale. Only 61 trademark examiners — 47 of them contractual — serve an office that receives over half a million applications per year. Pendency at the examination stage has stretched to approximately 18 months, up from under 30 days during 2017–2019 when India briefly operated one of the fastest examination pipelines in the world.
The system is responding. India's government registered 382,834 trademarks in FY 2024–25, a 36.9% increase over the prior year. It sanctioned 200 additional trademark examiner positions and deployed AI-powered search tools in September 2024. But the backlog remains: over 513,000 cases are pending, including more than 200,000 post-opposition matters.
For global brand owners, the implications are urgent. India's trademark register now holds over 3 million active registrations (WIPO, CY 2024). The clearance landscape is increasingly crowded, particularly in pharmaceuticals (Class 5), which accounts for 23% of all Indian filings — the highest concentration of any major economy. Filing costs remain a fraction of US or EU equivalents, but the window of relatively easy clearance is narrowing.
The Growth Trajectory: From 100,000 to 538,000
India Trademark Application Class Counts (CY 2015–2024, WIPO)
A Decade of Transformation
India's trademark filing trajectory can be understood through four distinct phases, each driven by identifiable policy and economic catalysts.
Phase 1: The Baseline (Pre-2014). India's trademark office processed roughly 175,000–200,000 applications annually. Growth was modest — the system operated with backlogs, and trademark registration was primarily the domain of large corporates, multinational subsidiaries, and pharmaceutical companies.
Phase 2: The Policy Inflection (2014–2017). The launch of Make in India (September 2014) and Startup India (January 2016) shifted the relationship between Indian businesses and intellectual property. Trademark filing fees were reduced by 50% for startups and MSMEs. Online filing was aggressively promoted. Most critically, the trademark registry undertook a backlog clearance initiative under Controller General Om Prakash Gupta, reducing examination pendency from over 13 months to under 30 days — making India briefly one of the fastest trademark offices in the world.
Registrations surged from 65,045 in FY 2015–16 to 250,070 in FY 2016–17 — a 284% increase in a single year — as the cleared backlog flowed through the pipeline.
Phase 3: The COVID Dip and Digital Acceleration (2020–2021). Filing volumes contracted during India's lockdowns but recovered within months. More importantly, the pandemic permanently accelerated digital adoption: online filing reached 95% of all applications, virtual hearings became standard practice, and the direct-to-consumer (D2C) e-commerce boom created thousands of new brand owners who needed trademark protection.
Phase 4: The Current Surge (2022–Present). India's filings have continued to accelerate, driven by the D2C economy, growing IP awareness among MSMEs, and the Startup India ecosystem, which now includes over 140,000 startups recognized by the Department for Promotion of Industry and Internal Trade (DPIIT). The five-year trajectory shows consistent growth across all IP categories.
Five-Year IP Filing Trend: All Categories (FY 2020–21 to FY 2024–25)
| Category | FY 2020–21 | FY 2024–25 | 5-Year Growth |
|---|---|---|---|
| Patents | 24,326 | 68,176 | +180% |
| Designs | 10,594 | 38,804 | +266% |
| Trademarks | 418,594 | 538,665 | +29% |
| Copyright | 23,957 | 44,066 | +83% |
| Geographical Indications | 57 | 274 | +380% |
| Total IP Filings | 477,533 | 689,991 | +44% |
Source: Press Information Bureau, Government of India (PRID 2146928). Trademark figures represent application counts for India's fiscal year (April–March). Totals include minor categories (semiconductor layout designs) not listed separately.
India 5-Year IP Filing Growth by Category (%, FY 2020–21 to FY 2024–25)
Trademarks show the lowest percentage growth among India's IP categories — not because trademark filing is slowing, but because it started from the largest base. In absolute terms, trademarks added over 120,000 annual filings in five years. The 29% growth in trademarks is modest only relative to the expansion of patents, designs, and geographical indications from smaller baselines.
The Registration Surge
India's trademark office registered 382,834 marks in FY 2024–25, a 36.9% year-over-year increase and the highest annual registration output in the office's history. Applications disposed reached 471,719 — an 8.75% increase — indicating the system's throughput capacity is expanding, even if it has not yet matched the pace of incoming filings.
Using WIPO's calendar-year methodology, India registered 490,896 trademark class counts in 2024, a 94.5% increase over the prior year — the largest registration growth rate among the world's top 20 trademark offices. This surge reflects expanded staffing and accelerated disposition of the accumulated backlog rather than a change in approval criteria.
Note on data: India's government reports use the fiscal year (April–March) and count individual applications. WIPO reports use the calendar year (January–December) and count class counts (a single application covering three Nice classes counts as three). These methodological differences produce different absolute numbers for the same underlying activity. This report uses India fiscal year data for domestic analysis and WIPO calendar year data for international comparisons, with the basis clearly identified in each instance.
India in Global Context
The Top Five Trademark Offices
India's rise to the fourth-largest trademark office globally positions it within a group of markets that together account for over 61% of all worldwide trademark filings — up from 47% a decade ago.
Global Trademark Filing: Top 5 Offices (CY 2024, WIPO Class Counts)
| Rank | Office | Class Counts | YoY Change |
|---|---|---|---|
| 1 | China (CNIPA) | ~7,000,000 | -2.9% |
| 2 | United States (USPTO) | 795,337 | +7.6% |
| 3 | Russian Federation | 567,227 | +2.9% |
| 4 | India | 555,613 | +7.4% |
| 5 | Brazil | 468,667 | +9.7% |
Source: WIPO World Intellectual Property Indicators 2025. Figures represent application class counts for calendar year 2024.
Top 5 Trademark Offices by Filing Volume (CY 2024, WIPO Class Counts)
The trajectories are diverging. China — which alone accounts for 45.8% of global filings — saw volumes decline for the third consecutive year as the China National Intellectual Property Administration (CNIPA) intensified its crackdown on bad-faith and speculative registrations. India, by contrast, has recorded positive growth every year since 2018, making it the most consistently expanding major trademark market among the top five offices.
The China Parallel
India's current trademark trajectory parallels China's experience approximately 12–15 years earlier. In 2010, China processed roughly 1.1 million trademark applications with an examination infrastructure that was severely strained. What followed was a decade of explosive growth (to a peak of 9.4 million in 2021), accompanied by a backlog crisis, a quality crisis driven by speculative and bad-faith filings, and ultimately a regulatory correction that has since brought volumes down to approximately 7 million.
India today is navigating the early stages of a similar arc: rapid growth driven by economic formalization, a widening gap between filing volume and examination capacity, and early signs of register congestion in high-volume classes. The critical difference is timing — India has the opportunity to learn from China's experience and implement quality controls before the problems compound.
Whether India follows China's path toward regulatory correction or charts a more measured course will depend on whether institutional capacity keeps pace with demand — a question examined in detail in the next section.
Non-Resident Filing and the Domestic Engine
India's trademark market is overwhelmingly domestic. Non-resident filings account for just 7.7% of applications at India's office — far below the 38% non-resident share at the USPTO or the 44% at the UK IPO.
Non-Resident Filing Share at Major Offices (CY 2024)
| Office | Non-Resident Share |
|---|---|
| Canada | 65.2% |
| Australia | 44.4% |
| United Kingdom | 44.3% |
| United States | 38.0% |
| EUIPO | 34.5% |
| Brazil | 9.1% |
| India | 7.7% |
| China | 2.7% |
Source: WIPO World Intellectual Property Indicators 2025.
Among the foreign applicants who do file in India, the United States accounts for 20.8%, followed by China (11.8%) and Germany (9.4%). These three countries together represent 42% of all non-resident filings at India's office.
The low non-resident share implies substantial headroom for foreign brands. As India's consumer market matures toward becoming one of the world's largest economies by GDP, international filing into India is likely to accelerate, adding further pressure to an already strained system.
Untapped Potential: Population-Adjusted Filing Rates
India's filing volumes are large in absolute terms but low on a per-capita basis. With approximately 370 resident application class counts per million population, India ranks in the lowest bracket among major filing jurisdictions.
| Country | Resident Class Counts per Million Population |
|---|---|
| Republic of Korea | 5,130 |
| China | 4,816 |
| Türkiye | 4,286 |
| Brazil | 2,009 |
| United States | 1,451 |
| India | ~370 |
Source: WIPO World Intellectual Property Indicators 2025.
Trademark Filing Intensity: Resident Class Counts per Million Population (CY 2024)
This gap suggests that India's trademark boom is far from over. As brand awareness penetrates deeper into Tier-II and Tier-III cities, as more MSMEs formalize, and as the D2C economy continues to expand, the structural drivers of growth remain firmly in place. India's filing volumes could double again within the next decade without reaching per-capita parity with even middle-ranked jurisdictions.
The Capacity Crisis: Filing Growth Meets Institutional Strain
The Pendency Problem
India's trademark office is processing more applications than ever — and falling further behind. The most critical metric is examination pendency: the time between filing an application and receiving the first substantive action from an examiner.
During the 2017–2019 period, India achieved examination pendency of under 30 days — a world-class benchmark that few major offices matched. This was accomplished through an aggressive backlog clearance initiative that combined temporary contract examiners with streamlined procedures.
That speed has not been sustained. As of early 2025, examination pendency has reportedly extended to approximately 550 days (18 months), driven by record filing volumes and a reduction in examining capacity. The backlog numbers tell the story:
| Metric | FY 2023–24 |
|---|---|
| Pending at examination stage | 55,181 |
| Pending publication | 58,249 |
| Pending post-opposition | 200,000+ |
| Total pending cases | 513,000+ |
Source: Kan & Krishme analysis of CGPDTM Annual Report 2023–24.
The staffing numbers explain the constraint. India's trademark examining corps consists of approximately 61 working examiners (of whom 47 are contractual), against a sanctioned strength of 160 positions — roughly 38% of intended capacity. At approximately 540,000 annual filings, each examiner would need to process roughly 8,850 new applications per year — about 34 per working day — simply to keep pace with incoming filings, before addressing any backlog.
Comparative Pendency
India's pendency challenge becomes clearer in comparative context.
| Office | Approximate First Action Pendency | Notes |
|---|---|---|
| EUIPO | 1–2 months | Generally fastest among major offices |
| USPTO | ~7.5 months | FY 2024; target reduction to 5 months |
| India (2017–2019) | Under 30 days | Peak performance period |
| India (current, 2025) | ~18 months | Reported by practitioners |
Sources: EUIPO annual report; USPTO Trademark Dashboard; practitioner reports via BusinessMitra and Obhan & Associates.
The Opposition Bottleneck
Beyond initial examination, India's opposition system is under significant strain. In FY 2023–24, 82,801 new oppositions were filed while only 56,127 were settled — a net addition of over 26,000 cases to an already massive post-opposition backlog exceeding 200,000 cases.
For brand owners, this creates an operational reality: even after a mark clears initial examination and is published, the opposition window and subsequent proceedings can add years to the path to registration. The Intellectual Property Appellate Board (IPAB) was dissolved in 2021, redirecting appeals to already-burdened High Courts and further extending dispute resolution timelines.
The Modernization Response
India's government and IP office are actively addressing the capacity crisis through multiple initiatives:
Staffing expansion. The government sanctioned 200 additional trademark examiner posts. Across the broader IP office, working manpower has grown 196% since 2014, from 281 to 833 staff.
AI-powered search technology. Launched in September 2024 by Union Minister Piyush Goyal, the AI and machine learning-based trademark search system enables faster and more accurate identification of conflicting marks. India joins the US, EU, and Norway in deploying AI-driven trademark examination tools.
IP Saarthi chatbot. A 24/7 digital assistant launched alongside the AI search tool, providing guidance on trademark filing procedures and reducing the administrative burden on office staff.
Digital infrastructure. Over 95% of trademark applications are now filed online, up from approximately 80% in 2016–17. The office completed cloud migration and deployed real-time status tracking across the filing portal.
Fee concessions. The government maintains significant fee reductions to encourage formalization: 50% reduction for startups and MSMEs on trademark filings (INR 4,500 vs. 9,000 per class for e-filing), with even deeper concessions for patents (80% reduction for startups).
Rule improvements. The Department for Promotion of Industry and Internal Trade (DPIIT) is working on amendments to the Trademark Rules, 2017, including standardized examination formats, fixed 30-day response windows, and monthly performance benchmarks for examining officers.
Innovation Ecosystem Strength
India's broader innovation capacity provides context for the trademark growth trajectory. The Global Innovation Index has tracked India's rise from 81st (2015) to 38th (2025) — an improvement of 43 positions in a decade. India has been classified as an innovation overperformer for 15 consecutive years, ranking 1st among lower-middle-income economies.
India's top innovation clusters — Bengaluru (21st globally), Delhi (26th), and Mumbai (46th) — are also the cities driving the highest trademark filing volumes, reflecting the tight coupling between innovation activity and brand registration.
Whether these modernization efforts can close the gap between filing growth and examination capacity will define the next decade of India's trademark system. The early signs are encouraging — registrations surged 94.5% in CY 2024 under the WIPO methodology, reflecting accelerated disposition of the backlog — but sustained progress will require filling the 200 sanctioned examiner positions and maintaining throughput as filing volumes continue to grow.
What India Files: The Pharma-Driven Profile
India's trademark filing profile is unlike any other major economy. While the United States leads in Research & Technology, China in Agriculture, and Germany in Research & Technology, India is dominated by Health, which accounts for 23% of all trademark applications — the largest share of any sector in any top-five filing jurisdiction.
Trademark Filing by Sector: Top 5 Origins Compared (CY 2024)
| Origin | Top Sector | Share |
|---|---|---|
| India | Health | 23.0% |
| China | Agriculture | Leading sector |
| United States | Research & Technology | Leading sector |
| Russia | Clothing | Leading sector |
| Germany | Research & Technology | Leading sector |
Source: WIPO World Intellectual Property Indicators 2025.
India Trademark Filing Distribution by Sector (CY 2024)
This Health-sector dominance is driven by India's pharmaceutical industry. India is the world's third-largest pharmaceutical market by volume, valued at approximately $50 billion in FY 2023–24 (domestic: $23.5 billion, exports: $26.5 billion), according to India's Department of Pharmaceuticals. The country produces over 60% of the world's vaccines by dose volume and approximately 20% of global generic medicines. Nice Class 5 (pharmaceuticals, veterinary preparations, and dietary supplements) is India's single most-filed trademark class, with an estimated 80,000+ applications per year.
This pharma concentration has practical implications for clearance and filing strategy. Class 5 in India is among the most crowded trademark registers globally. International pharmaceutical companies entering India face a clearance environment fundamentally different from the US or EU — one where the sheer density of existing marks in similar therapeutic categories makes identifying available brand names significantly more challenging.
Agriculture ranks second at 15.4%, reflecting India's vast food processing and FMCG sector. Clothing at 12.8% reflects the rapidly growing fashion and apparel D2C ecosystem. Together, these three sectors account for over half of all Indian trademark filings.
Who Files: The Domestic Engine
Geographic Concentration
India's trademark filings are concentrated in a handful of major commercial centers. Data from the five regional trademark registry offices reveals a clear hierarchy.
Trademark Applications by Registry Office (FY 2023–24)
| City | Applications | Share of Total |
|---|---|---|
| Mumbai | 89,861 | 26.6% |
| Delhi | 82,027 | 24.3% |
| Chennai | 73,512 | 21.8% |
| Ahmedabad | 66,515 | 19.7% |
| Kolkata | 25,508 | 7.6% |
Source: Kan & Krishme analysis of CGPDTM Annual Report 2023–24. City figures represent the registry office where applications were processed, which broadly corresponds to regional filing activity.
Trademark Applications by Registry Office (FY 2023–24)
Mumbai and Delhi together account for over half of all filings, reflecting their status as India's primary commercial and pharmaceutical hubs. The prominence of Ahmedabad — India's textile and chemicals capital — highlights the FMCG and manufacturing contribution to filing volumes. Kolkata's notably lower share may represent an opportunity for growth as eastern India's startup ecosystem matures.
The Madrid Protocol Asymmetry
India's engagement with the Madrid Protocol reveals a pronounced asymmetry between inbound and outbound international filings.
In FY 2023–24, WIPO directed 17,353 international designations to India. In the same period, Indian applicants filed just 558 applications through the Madrid System to protect their marks abroad.
Madrid Protocol: India Inbound vs. Outbound (FY 2023–24)
That 31:1 ratio tells two stories. Foreign brands see India as a market worth protecting. Indian brands, for now, do not see the world the same way.
For international brand owners, the inbound Madrid data is strategically relevant. India ranked as the 6th most subsequently designated Madrid member in CY 2024, up from 15th the previous year — a 16% increase in subsequent designations. More brands are choosing to extend protection to India, and the pace is accelerating.
The Startup and D2C Effect
India's startup ecosystem has become a significant driver of trademark filings. Over 140,000 startups are registered under the Startup India program, and the government's 50% fee concession for DPIIT-recognized startups has materially lowered the barrier to trademark registration. Through February 2021, over 13,700 startup trademark applications had received the fee concession, with 6,353 resulting in grants.
The direct-to-consumer (D2C) economy adds a second layer. India's D2C market is estimated to exceed $80 billion, with over 11,000 active brands — predominantly in fashion, food and beverages, and beauty and personal care. These are brand-centric businesses for whom trademark protection is foundational, not optional.
As the D2C ecosystem matures — particularly in Tier-II and Tier-III cities, which now account for over 50% of D2C revenue — the geographic and sectoral base of trademark filers is broadening beyond the traditional concentration in Mumbai and Delhi.
Strategic Implications for Global Brand Owners
Why File Now
India's trademark register is expanding at a rate that makes early filing increasingly valuable. With over 3 million active registrations and 538,000+ new applications per year, the clearance landscape grows more congested with each passing quarter. Brands that delay filing in India face a compounding problem: the mark they could have cleared easily today may encounter conflicting registrations within months.
This is particularly acute in high-volume classes. Class 5 (pharmaceuticals), Class 35 (business services), Class 25 (clothing), and Class 9 (electronics and software) are among the most densely filed. International brands entering these spaces in India need naming strategies that account for a level of register crowding significantly beyond what they experience in the US or EU.
Filing Route: Direct vs. Madrid
International applicants have two primary routes into India: direct national filing or designation through the Madrid Protocol.
| Factor | Direct National Filing | Madrid Designation |
|---|---|---|
| Official fee per class | INR 9,000 (~$108) | CHF 100 base + individual fee |
| Speed to examination | Subject to domestic pendency (~18 months) | Similar — processed by India office |
| Local agent required | Yes | Not for initial filing |
| Flexibility | Full control over prosecution | Dependent on home registration |
| Cost for single class | Lower | Comparable |
| Cost for multi-country filing | Higher per country | Significantly lower at scale |
For brands filing only in India, direct national filing is typically more cost-effective and provides greater prosecution flexibility. For brands filing across multiple jurisdictions simultaneously, Madrid offers significant efficiency. The choice should be informed by the breadth of the international filing program, not by India-specific considerations alone.
Cost Advantage
India's trademark filing fees are among the lowest of any major jurisdiction.
Filing Cost Comparison (Per Class, Standard Applicant)
| Office | Official Fee (Approx. USD) |
|---|---|
| India (e-filing) | $108 |
| India (startups/MSMEs) | $54 |
| China (CNIPA) | $45 |
| EUIPO | $1,000 (first class) |
| USPTO | $350 (TEAS Standard) |
| United Kingdom | $240 (first class) |
Note: Fees are approximate and subject to exchange rate fluctuation. Attorney fees are additional and vary significantly by jurisdiction.
Trademark Filing Cost per Class, Standard Applicant (Approx. USD)
India's cost advantage extends beyond filing fees. Opposition proceedings, renewal fees (INR 5,000 / ~$60 per class for 10 years), and overall prosecution costs are a fraction of US or EU equivalents. For portfolio-scale filings, the cost differential is substantial.
Monitoring and Opposition Strategy
India's opposition dynamics merit attention. In FY 2023–24, 82,801 new oppositions were filed — approximately 15% of published applications. This is a relatively high opposition rate that reflects both the competitiveness of the market and the crowded register in key classes.
The opposition bottleneck (200,000+ pending post-opposition cases) means that brands relying on oppositions as a defensive strategy must plan for extended timelines. An opposition filed today may not be resolved for several years. This elevates the importance of proactive monitoring: identifying potentially conflicting applications during the publication window and acting promptly.
What to Watch: India's IP Trajectory 2026–2030
Several developments will shape India's trademark landscape in the coming years:
Examiner recruitment. The 200 sanctioned additional positions represent the single most important near-term variable. If filled and trained, they could reduce examination pendency significantly within 18–24 months.
Rule amendments. DPIIT's planned revisions to the Trademark Rules, 2017 — including standardized examination procedures and performance benchmarks — signal an institutional commitment to quality improvement.
Bad-faith filing controls. As India's register grows, the risk of speculative and bad-faith filings increases. China's experience suggests that unchecked growth eventually forces regulatory intervention. Whether India implements preemptive controls — such as proof-of-use requirements or enhanced scrutiny of high-volume individual filers — will significantly affect register quality.
International filing growth. India's 7.7% non-resident filing share has substantial room to increase as global brands recognize the market's importance. A shift toward even 15% non-resident share — still below the global average — would add tens of thousands of applications to an already strained system.
Madrid Protocol utilization. India's designation as the 6th most subsequently designated Madrid member in 2024, up from 15th the previous year, suggests accelerating international interest. If Indian brands also begin using Madrid more actively for outbound protection, the bilateral filing dynamics could shift materially.
India's trademark boom is structural, not cyclical. The forces behind it — economic formalization, digital infrastructure, a 1.4-billion-person consumer market still filing trademarks at one-fourteenth the per-capita rate of South Korea — are not going to reverse. Filing costs remain a fraction of Western equivalents. The register is crowded but navigable. Neither of those conditions is guaranteed to last.
Methodology and Sources
This report draws on publicly available data from the following primary sources:
International data (calendar year basis, class counts):
- WIPO World Intellectual Property Indicators 2025 — Global filing volumes, rankings by office and origin, sector distributions, registration data, non-resident share analysis, and population-adjusted filing rates for calendar year 2024.
- WIPO IP Facts and Figures 2025 — Supplementary filing statistics and historical time series.
- Madrid Yearly Review 2025 — Madrid Protocol designation and registration data.
- Global Innovation Index 2025 — India's innovation ranking, pillar scores, and cluster analysis.
India domestic data (fiscal year basis, application counts):
- IP India Annual Report 2024–25 — Official filing, examination, registration, and disposition statistics via analyses by Cyril Amarchand Mangaldas and S.S. Rana & Co.
- Press Information Bureau, Government of India — Five-year IP filing trends and policy data.
- Kan & Krishme: Trademark Landscape 2023–24 — City-wise filing distribution, opposition statistics, pendency data, Madrid Protocol analysis.
- ICLG Trade Marks: India 2025–2026 — Registration process, fees, and procedural framework.
Supplementary sources:
- Clarivate Trademark Filing Trends Report 2025 — India filing trends and competitive analysis.
- PIB: India in WIPO Top 10 — WIPO 2024 rankings context.
- PIB: AI Trademark Search Launch — Technology modernization data.
Important methodological notes:
India's government reports use the fiscal year (April–March) and count individual applications. WIPO reports use the calendar year (January–December) and count class counts — where a single application covering multiple Nice classes is counted once for each class. A direct comparison between these two data series is not methodologically valid without accounting for these differences. Where this report draws on both data systems, the basis is identified explicitly.
The headline filing figure of 538,665 for FY 2024–25 is sourced from the Press Information Bureau. An alternate figure of 552,190 appears in analyses of the IP India Annual Report; the discrepancy likely reflects differences in counting methodology (whether Madrid designations, renewals, or other filing types are included). This report uses the PIB figure as the primary domestic reference.
Analysis based on Signa's global trademark intelligence platform, which includes over 147 million records across 200+ jurisdictions including the Indian Trademark Registry, USPTO, EUIPO, WIPO, and national offices worldwide.